Canadian cultural Essay Example for Free

Canadian cultural Essay In her article â€Å"I Am Half-Canadian,† Pamela Swanigan seeks to define Canadian cultural identity by comparing and contrasting it to the often highly regarded identity attributed to Americans. Born in the USA to parents of mixed racial origin and later immigrating to Canada, Swanigan offers a unique view on many of the common fallacies that come up when one envisions the culture of the United States. Contrary to the popular view, that depicts the United States as an all-welcoming â€Å"melting pot† of cultures and races, Swanigan contests instead that American culture is one of constricting self-definition and pigeonholing. She argues that American culture is neither open nor accepting of diversity, instead forcing people to strictly classify themselves into certain racial and linguistic categories- â€Å"everyone’s forced to pick one definition and stick to it. † Having personally experienced this phenomenon, as a woman of mixed race working in a traditionally male field (sports writing), Swanigan is extremely influential in presenting her case, offering a number of examples as to how Americans are boxed in to certain classifications and social expectations. She further goes on to remark on the close-minded nature of such a view, which leads many Americans to be suspicious and vaguely threatening- a stance that directly contradicts the traditional view of the United States as an open and accepting country. Swanigan contrasts this with the relatively fluid and undistinguishable collective culture of Canada, where a lack of strict individual definition leads to the misconception that Canadians have no culture at all. Instead the author seeks to dispel this myth by suggesting that this lack of identification is in fact the ideal that America claims to promote, which its neighbor to the north that has achieved.

Metamorphosis Essay -- English Literature

Metamorphosis In the short story, Metamorphosis, the narrator describes Gregor’s new life as an insect. He then goes on to describe Gregor’s sister, Grete, with a reflection of Gregor’s opinion in the description. Kafka employs a number of stylistic devices including descriptive imagery, metaphors, and symbolism in the passage to describe the situation. While these devices on their own just provide a more complex method of painting the situation, the way they are assembled in the passage serves to depict a comparison of power between Gregor and Grete. The creation of such a multifaceted evaluation further increases the reader’s sympathy towards Gregor’s situation. Firstly, Gregor is characterized with many literary descriptors. â€Å"Sense of freedom† is the first occurrence of relevant descriptive imagery. The freedom is what he used to posses before the metamorphosis, however he no longer has liberty outside his room. That is where the second image of â€Å"looking out† the window comes into play. The looking out symbolizes Gregor’s reflection on the liberties he used to posses when he could leave his room, and of the outdoors, there by limiting his experiences. This is supported with the imagery of his vision weakening. The imagery reflects a tone of pessimism, in that Gregor is loosing hope for a recovery. All the imagery serves to sympathies with Gregor because his situation is depicted as bleak. The symbol of Gregor’s knowledge is his vision, which is the primary medium for humans gain knowledge. With his sight diminishing, he is no longer able to discover as much as would be able to normally and even starting to disbelieve his previous knowledge. This is mentioned when he said that if he had not known ... ...nd blended indistinguishably into each other. His quick witted sister only needed to observe twice that the armchair stood by the window; after that, whenever she had tidied the room, she always pushed the chair back to the same place at the window and even left the inner casements open. If he could have spoken to her and thanked her for all she had to do for him, he could have more her ministrations better; as it was, they oppressed him. She certainly tried to make light as possible of whatever was disagreeable in her task, and as time went on he succeeded, of course, more and more, but time bought more enlightenment to Gregor too. The very way she came in distressed him. Hardly was she in the room when she rushed to the window, without even taking time to shut the door, carefully as she was usually to shield the sight of Gregor’s room from the others.

The Battle of Cajamarca: an End to an Empire in South America

The Battle of Cajamarca: an end to an Empire in South America New World: Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – June 26, 1541) seized Incan emperor Atahualpa (pictured; c. 1502 – August 29, 1533) after victory at Cajamarca, Peru. Pizarro had just 168 men and Atahualpa had 80,000 battle-hardened soldiers who had recently defeated an indigenous enemy. However, the Spaniards had iron swords, guns, horses and armour, which the Incas did not. The result: one of history's most incredible battles, and it was all over in one afternoon. Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa; Atabalipa) (ah'-ta-oo-al'-pa), was the13th and final emperor of the Incan Empire. He was a younger son of the Incan ruler Huayna Capac and an Ecuadorian princess of the Quito; although not the legitimate heir, he seems to have been the favourite. When Huayna Capac died (c. 1527), the kingdom was divided between Atahualpa, who ruled the northern part of the empire from Quito, and his half-brother Huascar, the legitimate heir, who ruled from Cuzco, the traditional Inca capital. Contemporary chroniclers depicted Atahualpa as courageous, ambitious, and very popular with the army. In 1532 he was celebrating his victory in a devastating war of accession with his elder half-brother. He had been embroiled in war with Huascar for control of the whole Incan Empire. The war ravaged Inca cities, wreaked havoc on the economy, and decimated the population. Early in 1532, near Cuzco, while Pizarro was making his way to Atahualpa's heartland, the army of the Incan lord had defeated Huascar's army in what was probably the greatest of any Incan military engagement to date. Atahualpa treacherously captured his half-brother and his family and later had them executed, while Atahualpa was himself a prisoner – of Pizarro. (As Huascar had been something of an ally to the Spanish, his half-brother's actions were later cited as a cause of the treatment Pizarro meted out to Atahualpa. ) In November, while the newly victorious Atahualpa and his battle-hardened army of 80,000 were relaxing with the hot springs in the town of Cajamarca, before their planned triumphal entry into Cuzco, Francisco Pizarro entered the city with a force of 168. Atahualpa got wind of the incursion. History was about to change in a most dramatic way. On November 15, as the Spanish band moved close to Cajamarca, they tortured a few natives and discovered that Atahualpa was waiting for them at Cajamarca. Bravely, ‘Governor' Pizarro’s ‘army' moved towards the Incan town, and saw a beautiful place filled with so many tents that the soldiers were filled with fear. Hernando Pizarro, the leader’s brother, estimated the number of Incan soldiers at 40,000, but an eyewitness wrote that he gave this estimate in order to calm his comrades: there were in fact more than 80,000. Meanwhile, most of Pizarro’s men were hidden around the main courtyard of Cajamarca. Atahualpa ambushed Invited by the Spaniard to attend a feast in his honour, the Inca chief accepted. The next day, he arrived at the appointed meeting place with several thousand unarmed retainers; Pizarro, prompted by the example of Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma in Mexico, had prepared an ambush. The next day at around noon, Atahualpa appeared in the town centre, carried on a litter, or palanquin, borne by 80 Incan noblemen in rich blue livery, and with a retinue of 2,000 Indians sweeping the road before him. An eyewitness wrote â€Å"Then came a number of men with armour, large metal plates, and crowns of gold and silver which they bore, that it was a marvel to observe how the sun glinted on it. † Atahualpa was also surrounded by his warriors, many thousands of them. One of the Spaniards who was present wrote: â€Å"Atahualpa himself was very richly dressed, with his crown on his head and a collar of large emeralds around his neck. He sat on a small stool with a rich saddle cushion resting on his litter. The litter was lined with parrot feathers of many colours and decorated with plates of gold and silver †¦ Governor Pizarro now sent Friar Vicente de Valverde to go to speak to Atahualpa, and to require Atahualpa in the name of God and of the King of Spain that Atahualpa subject himself to the law of our Lord Jesus Christ and to the service of His Majesty the King of Spain. [The priest advanced] with a cross in one hand and the Bible in the other hand, and going among the Ind ian troops up to the place where Atahualpa was †¦ â€Å"Atahualpa asked for the Book, that he might look at it, and the Friar gave it to him closed. Atahualpa did not know how to open the Book, and the Friar was extending his arm to do so, when Atahualpa, in great anger, gave him a blow on the arm, not wishing that the Book should be opened. Then he opened it himself, and, without any astonishment at the letters and paper he threw it away from him five or six paces, his face a deep crimson. â€Å"The Friar returned to Pizarro, shouting, ‘Come out! Come out, Christians! Come at these enemy dogs who reject the things of God †¦. Why remain polite and servile towards this over-proud dog when the plains are full of Indians? March out against him, for I absolve you! ’† It has been reported that Atahualpa asked Friar Vicente on what authority he acted, and the friar told him it derived from the book he was holding. The Incan emperor then commanded: â€Å"Give me the book so that it can speak to me. † Atahualpa, holding the book next to his ear, tried to listen to its pages. Finally he asked: â€Å"Why doesn't the book say anything to me? † and defiantly and disdainfully threw it to the ground. On the friar's command (rather than Pizarro's), the Spanish soldiers emerged from the porticoes around the square and fired into the crowds of unarmed warriors and citizens. Seven thousand slain Just several hours of bloody battle ensued, with the conquistadors having the technological advantage. By evening, Pizarro and his men had killed 7,000 Indians yet lost not one of their own merry men. Later, Pizarro said to Atahualpa through an interpreter: â€Å"When you have seen the errors in which you live, you will understand the good that we have done you by coming to your land †¦ Our Lord permitted that your pride should be brought low and that no Indian should be able to offend a Christian. † During the melee, Pizarro had personally grabbed Atahualpa from his litter, calling out the Spanish war cry (â€Å"Santiago! , or â€Å"St James! †) as he did so, and took Atahualpa prisoner. Soon, Atahualpa recognised that a huge ransom was his only chance of freedom, so he promised a huge hoard of gold to the Spaniards, which the Incan king’s subjects duly paid. The ransom, the largest ever made, was staggering – when melted down, it consisted of suffi cient gold to fill a room 22 feet long by 17 feet wide to a height of more than 8 feet! What artistic treasures were lost, we shall never know. We note here that the Incas made even the soldiers rich, not just Pizarro and the King of Spain (who took 20 per cent of the booty). The conquistadors each received a share appropriate to his rank: horseman received 40 kilograms of gold and 81 kg of silver, while foot-soldiers received half that amount. After the full amount had been delivered, Pizarro reneged on his promise and on August 29, 1533, the conquistador ordered Atahualpa burned to death. However, when Atahualpa was brought to the stake, Father de Valverde offered him the choice of being burned alive or being killed by the more merciful garrot if he would convert to Christianity. Although throughout his captivity Atahualpa had resisted conversion, he agreed to it and so died that day by strangulation. Cajamarca was not the only occasion in 1532 on which Western technology was able to trounce Incan technology – for technology such as guns and steel swords, rather than fighting skills and valour were what won the day. Jared Diamond, from whose excellent, Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Guns, Germs and Steel, (Vintage, 1998), the above quotations come, writes: â€Å"During Pizarro’s march from Cajamarca to the Inca capital of Cuzco after Atahualpa’s death, there were four such battles: at Jauja, Vilcashuaman, Vilcaconga, and Cuzco. Those four battles involved a mere 80, 30, 110, and 40 Spanish horsemen, respectively, in each case ranged against thousands or tens of thousands of Indians. † Footnote On January 18, 1535, as Pizarro thought the Inca capital of Cuzco was too far up in the mountains and far from the sea to serve as the Spanish capital of Peru, he founded the city of Lima, still the capital of that nation.

Argument for Human Cloning Essay - 1886 Words

Introduction Cloning is the process of manipulating DNA and embryonic stem cells to create an identical living organism. The purpose of cloning is to find medical treatments and to reduce human suffering (Rosalyn). Is it wrong? Is it disrespectful toward nature itself? According to Sir John Gordon, cloning is not as playing God it is simply copying â€Å"what nature has already produced† (Gordon). This new development established a series of debates because if there are technologies that enable humans to artificially create mammal, sooner or later the same process will be performed on human. This points to the question, should human cloning be banned? (Cloning: An Overview). Even though there are numerous critics who believe human cloning†¦show more content†¦Overtime the fusions between cells occur and form an embryo. This could lead to the transfer of healthy cell in an unborn child who contains diseases due to genetics from the parents. Unfortunately the research w as banned. There are a lot of obstacles standing between the researches of human cloning that could possibly save many lives. Diseases such as Alzheimer and cardiovascular diseases can be cured by the process of cloning. Scientists have discovered a method of creating stem cells (an unspecialized cell that has the ability to become any various differentiated cell) from an embryo. Genetic copies of DNA from a living healthy person are inserted into an egg which divides in the process of cell division or meiosis, and grows into an embryo. If the process is successful, stem cells are then extracted, with the healthy gene placed in the DNA, the cells can divides and produce a healthful system. This whole procedure is for the purpose of improving treatment. However, this action puts fear into a lot of people’s minds of using stem cells for other purposes (Healy). Stem cells can be produced for the desire of new treatments has the potential to fight viruses in the human system and the prosperity will soon outweighed the terror of human cloning. Therapeutic cloning has the potential use stem cells to cure diseases. Although there are many benefits the process of obtaining stem cells depends upon the massacre of the embryo. Nonetheless the benefitsShow MoreRelatedHuman Cloning : An Argument Against Human Reproductive Cloning2226 Words   |  9 PagesExplain in full the ‘life in the shadow’ argument against human reproductive cloning. How might the argument be objected to? Do you regard the argument to be morally decisive, in the sense that it establishes that human cloning for purely reproductive purposes must never be permitted? Explain and defend your answer. Introduction: As the advancement of time, the concept of human cloning can become a reality as with the breakthrough of biotechnology. Human cloning can be defined in terms of formationRead MoreArguments Against Human Cloning1986 Words   |  8 Pages According to Judith A. Boss, author of Analyzing Moral Issues, cloning is an asexual reproduction process in which genetically identical individuals are produced (Boss 126). Two authors, specifically, Julian Savulescu and Leon Kass have very distinct and different points of view on cloning and genetic enhancement. Human cloning has become a significant argument that most people have a stance either for or against it. Cloning is allowed and occurs in our society today, but whether one finds it acceptableRead MoreEssay about Argument Against Human Cloning1902 Words   |  8 Pagesapplied to humans, this percentage may decrease and become lower and more unpredictable. With lives at stake, is it worth the risk of the embryos involved in the unstable pr ocess? Although cloning may allow for new medical procedures and research of diseases and cures, it takes away from the natural biological order of life, and allows humans to play God while creating a margin of error which could result in many defects. Many ethical and moral dilemmas arise when discussing human cloning, and oneRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pagesstory, human cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreArguments Against Genetic Engineering673 Words   |  3 Pagesconsider one of the strongest arguments against genetic engineering was the statement given by the European Parliament in Cass R. Sunstein’s argument, The Constitution and the Clone. The following is an excerpt from the text book given by the European Parliament â€Å"The cloning of human beings†¦ cannot under any circumstance be justified or tolerated by any society, because it is serious violation of fundamental human rights and is contrary to the principle of equality of human beings as it permits a eugenicRead MoreEthical Issues Related to the Cloning Debate1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe act of cloning a human being comes dangerously close to human beings acting as God. Do human beings have the right to tamper with nature in this way? This essay explores the various ethical issues related to the cloning debate, and seeks answers to this deep philosophical question at the heart of bioethics. As a student of genetic biology and future biologist, this question also has personal relevance. Our science is evolving at a rapid pace. As human cloning becomes increasingly possible, itRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Richard Dawkins â€Å"Cloning may be good and it may be bad. Probably its a bit of both. The question must not be greeted with reflex hysteria but decided quietly, soberly and on its own merits. We need less emotion and more thought† (Dawkins, 2011). Cloning is a general term used to describe the replication of biological material (Cloning Fact Sheet, 2009). Throughout this paper the reasoning behind why cloning is an acceptable and potentially life changing science will be examinedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cloning872 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many arguments against cloning. Leon R. Kass bases his argument on repugnance in his article The Wisdom of Repugnance. He is a well-known physician, educator and scientist. Kass perceives cloning as offensive, grotesque revolting, repulsive and wrong. To establish his argument he states, â€Å"Most people recoil from the prospect of mass production or human being, with large clones of look-alikes, compromised in their individuality.†1 His rationale is cloning is unnatural, because it is asexualRead MoreEvaluation Of A Good Argument1394 Words   |  6 Pagesviolated the sufficiency criterion of a good argument. The author has violates the sufficiency criteria by committing the fallacy of false analogy. In paragraph 4 the author states, â€Å"In the mid 1940s – before publicly funded healthcare – my grand parents sold their car to pay the hospital bill related to my father’s birth, so â€Å"purchasing† the birth of a child is nothing new.† This is a wrong analogy. Just because you pay for hospital bill and cloning, does not make them the same. In one situationRead MoreThe Ethical Implications Of Science And Technology1147 Words   |  5 Pagesmight come next: human cloning. As reported in the article, â€Å"Clinton Bars Federal Funds for Human Cloning Research† by CNN, in 1997, President Clinton stopped all federal funding for cloning. â€Å"Clinton also called on privately funded researchers to voluntarily implement a temporary moratorium on human cloning research ‘until our bioethics advisory committee and our entire nation has had time to... debate the ethical implications’† (CNN). With scientific discoveries such as cloning many people rely

Cómo denunciar anónimamente un matrimonio por papeles

Management Theory - 14588 Words

Chapter two The Evolution of Management Theory Learning Objectives 1. Describe how the need to increase organizational efï ¬ ciency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory. 2. Explain the principle of job specialization and division of labour, and tell why the study of person–task relationships is central to the pursuit of increased efï ¬ ciency. 3. Identify the principles of administration and organization that underlie effective organizations. 4. Trace the changes that have occurred in theories about how managers should behave in order to motivate and control employees. 5. Explain the contributions of management science to the efï ¬ cient use of organizational resources. 6. Explain why the study of the external environment†¦show more content†¦The next revolution in car production took place not in the United States but in Japan. A change in management thinking occurred there when Ohno Taiichi, a Toyota production engineer, pioneered the development of lean manufacturing in the 1960s after touring the US plants of the Big Three car companies. The management philosophy behind lean manufacturing is to continuously ï ¬ nd methods to improve the efï ¬ ciency of the production process in order to reduce costs, increase quality, and reduce car assembly time. In lean manufacturing, workers work on a moving production line, but they are organized into small teams, each of which is responsible for a particular phase of car assembly, such as installing the car’s transmission or electrical wiring system. Each team member is expected to learn all the tasks of all members of his or her team, and each work group is charged with the responsibility not only to assemble cars but also to continuously ï ¬ nd ways to increase quality and reduce costs. By 1970, Japanese managers had applied the new lean production system so efï ¬ ciently that they were producing higher-quality cars at lower prices than their US counterparts, and by 1980 Japanese companies were dominating the global car market. To compete with the Japanese, managers at the Big Three car makers visited Japan to learn lean production methods. In recent years, Chrysler Canada has been the North American model for speed in automobile production. Chrysler’s Windsor, OntarioShow MoreRelatedTerror Management Theory1289 Words   |  6 Pagesboth humans and animals, the understanding of one’s own mortality is uniquely human. How do we, as humans, deal with the terror that is associated with this knowledge? According to Terror Management Theory (TMT), developed by Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczynski (1989), the need for â€Å"terror management† is a fundamental function possessed by humans and cultural systems. Based on the writings of anthropologist Ernest Becker and inspired by Freud’s work on how death provokes belief in mysticalRead MoreManagement Theory And Management Theories1254 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of developing the management theories is to bri ng out better ways to manage people. According to Aguinaldo Powell (2002), management theory evolves con-stantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa. As essential personnel identify promising methods that assist in managing responsibilities, it will lead to management theories progressing. This paper will il-lustrate how management theories have emerged over theRead MoreManagement Theory And Management Theories1272 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of developing the management theories is to bring out better ways to manage people. According to Aguinaldo Powell (2002), management theory evolves con-stantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa. As essential personnel identify promising methods that assist in managing responsibilities, it will lead to management theories progressing. This paper will il-lustrate ho w management theories have emerged over theRead MoreManagement Theories And Management Theory1003 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Theories Management theory can be used in many organizations when starting out a business. It addresses how managers and leaders relate to their organization in the knowledge of their goals. It implements on how to set the goals and motivate their employees to perform in a high standard. Management theory consist of three important aspects operation strategy, innovation management and process management. Operation Strategy is to maximize the effectiveness of the whole production, butRead MoreManagement Theories Of Management Theory2222 Words   |  9 PagesManagement Theories Evolution Management practice cannot exist without the support of a theory. The complex character of management as the scholarly discipline, the variety of opinions concerning the essence and content of management theory, require systematizing knowledge about this phenomenon. Management theory is a relatively new science since its systematic development and academic research has started mostly in the 20th century. Although it is difficult to name the most important theories andRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Management is one of the remarkable activities within human society began with a group or to an larger organization that are able to accomplish a same goals and objectives, by defining what is management and how is important to human being society many management theorists have produces (many models that can be used for successful organization change and winners respond to the past and complexity of change and adapt learn and act quickly (Mildred,G. Sonia T. 2008 ) different theories or viewsRead MoreThe Contingency Management Theory And Management Theories1164 Words   |  5 Pagesof management, understand different management theories and to apply them appropriately depending on the organization, the mission and the situation. Flexibility is one of the greatest traits a manager can possess in an extremely competitive market. One management theory that subscribes to flexibility is the contingency management theory. Adaptability is crucial in today’s business environment, especially for organizations trying to remain significant in global industries. All management theoriesRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management Theory Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of management date back to the beginning of times. Every aspect of life contains some form of management. From managing oneself, to managing employees, to managing an entire corporation, management is a key part of life. Over time different theories have been developed and have evolved. Some of the first theories ever explored include the administrative management theory and the scientific management theory. While both of these theories were studied in depth, I believe that one of the greatestRead MoreManagement Theory Of Management And Management937 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of theories have been used in company management. However, management of company could not be effective if only rely on theories. In fact, a good company development requires not only suitable theories selection but also consistency with practice in appropriate organization environment. Further, a company’s successful also need team work, creatively to together process. This essay focuses on how to make the company management effectively with some cases. There is no doubt that theory of managementRead MoreEvolution Of Management Theory And Management Theories2135 Words   |  9 PagesEvolution of Management Theory Jamal Roberts Pasco Hernando State College Evolution of Management Theory In reality, every person in a management position handles the way that they do their job differently. Management is one of the most important parts of an organization, if not the most important. However, the development of management in organizations has changed dramatically from the late eighteenth century to now. In the eighteenth century, managers relied on power and setting strict

The Performance of Singapore economic

Question: Discuss about the The Performance of Singapore Economic. Answer: Introduction I had chosen my country, Singapore, to analyse on her economy performance in Year 2016 for this assignment. Singapore is a free market economy with high infrastructural developments in the economy. The country is famous for its open and corruption free environment. Prices in the country are considered stable from year to year, and the per capita GDP of the country is the highest amongst other developed countries in the world. The exports of the country have changed considerably. Earlier the country had exported labour intensive products, whereas, now the products are of high value added. Singapore is raising its share in the business sector and the financial sectors of the economy (Wikipedia, 2016). An economist normally uses 3 key measures; real GDP growth, inflation rate and unemployment rate to analyse the overall performance for the country's economy. These methods are widely recognised and used across the world, for comparison purpose as well. Production output performance analysis Gross domestic product of an economy is used to analyse the purchasing power of the country along with its growth rate. The value of GDP is analysed by comparing the growth of the economy with the previous year. Whereas, real GDP measure individual purchasing powerper capita, i.e., real gdp divided by the size of the population. The real GDP rate is analysed based on the inflation of the country. It reflects the price of all goods and services produced by the economy in a specified period. Real gross domestic product measures the change in prices and predicts an accurate measure for the economic growth. There are 2 ways to derive GDP, either by using the income method or expenditure method. The income method analyse the gross domestic product of the economy would be analysed by calculating the income earned from various workers, profits of the companies and taxes minus the subsidies. On the other hand, expenditure method is analysed by calculating the total consumption, investments, net exports and government spending. Per capita GDP is used to measure the total output produced by the economy. It is calculated by taking the GDP and dividing it by the total population of the economy. While comparing the economic growth between two countries, GDP rate is an important measurement tool. It shows the performance of the countries. A rise in per capita GDP indicates growth in the economy and tends to reflect an increase in productivity.(Economics, The Sinagpore GDP per capita , 2016) Economic growth in Singapore In year 2016, the economy of Singapore shrunk into a seasonal adjustment with an annual rate of 2 percent on a quarter of 3 months from September 2016. The GDP is the weakest rate of growth since 2009 global financial crisis. Poor external demand and weak global trade are the key factors that drags on the low GDP this year. The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Singapore was last recorded at 51855.08 US dollars in 2015. The GDP per Capita in Singapore is equivalent to 411 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita in Singapore averaged 22402.29 USD from 1960 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 51855.08 USD in 2015 and a record low of 3389.56 USD in 1960.(Economics, Singapore GDP Growth Rate , 2016) It is obvious that Singapore is facing a poor GDP and it is unlikely to improve soon. Despite that, Singapore government had still decided to maintain the rate of appreciation of the currency of Singapore based on an effective exchange rate policy at zero percent, which is beneficial to the country as a whole. This is remark as a right decision move by the government given the economic condition Singapore is in right now. Labour Market Analysis Unemployment rate is the workforce percentage of the country who is not employed despite actively looking for a job. When the unemployment rate increases, it signals a weakening economy, while a decreasing economy resulted in inflation. Three forms of unemployment exist in an economy, which could be stated as frictional, structural and cyclical. Frictional unemployment arise from normal labour turnover time when seeking between jobs. Timing difference is the main reason for the frictional unemployment as it takes time for jobseekers to change and adapt in a new job environment. On the other hand, Structural unemployment arises due to a persistent mismatch between labour supply and demand. Cyclical unemployment is related to the unemployment, which is related to the cyclical trends in growth and production under the business cycle of the economy. Unemployment rate in Singapore Singapore is under the cyclical unemployment. The major reason for unemployment in Singapore is due to demand-deficient. The economy is bounded by a large external sector, which is dependent upon the external demand for the growth of the economy. The country has a small open economy, which is dependent upon the exports of the economy. A fall in the exports of the economy adversely affects its growth rate thereby lowering national output and income.(Sinagpore, 2012) The jobless rate of Singapore based on seasonal unemployment is 2.1 percent as recorded on the third quarter of 2016. The jobless rate remained at 2.9 percent and 3.0 percent for citizens. Moreover, it was reported that some 4,100 workers had lost their jobs in the third quarter 2016, making the total unemployment to be contracted by 3,300 from September to November 2016. It was the resulted as the weakest quarterly since march 2015. As Singapore's economy restructures for the future, it is foreseeable to have some consolidation and exit of less-productive businesses. The economy of Singapore is shifting towards the production of high value added sectors, such as medical, technology and data analytics, in the intention to maintain Singapore's competitiveness against the rest of the world. This further caused the unemployment rate to increase as some structural unemployment are created due to local lacking the skill to get hold of the job vacancies available in the market. Singapore Ministry of Manpower (MOM) and the Workforce Development Agency (WDA) had thus, actively promote a various scheme to help jobseeker. Website like www.jobsbank.gov.sg is created to cater for Singaporean first, MOM rulings states that all companies are required to list all job openings for job paying less than $12K a month in the jobs bank before they are eligible to hire foreign talent. This shows that the government is protecting her people at some extent. Due to the increasing layoff in the first few quarter of 2016, MOM had just announced a new rulings recently that from 01 January 2017, all employers are to notify any retrenchment exercise to allow Workforce Singapore (WSG) to offer employment facilitation assistance, to help affected employees find alternative employment or identify relevant training to enhance employability. SkillFuture is also introduced to encourage Singaporean to constant leaning and upgrading with a credit account of $500.00 from the government to her people. All these scheme and programmeare here to help Singaporean to positioned themselves to take on the new jobs and the challenging years ahead. Price Level Analysis Price level is examined through the Consumer Price Index known as CPI. CPI is used to measure the weighted index of average price of the goods and services that constitute the consumption basket such as food, housing, healthcare and transportation purchased by households in the nation. CPI is often used to assess the living cost and inflation condition of the country. Thus, it is important for prices to stay stable from year to year to prevent undesired inflation or deflation. Inflation is termed as the rise in the prices of the goods and services in the economy with respect to the basket that the government gathered to analyse the financial health of the nation. This means that increase in price for a type of goods does not necessary caused an inflation. When inflation happened, the consumers purchasing power reduces. This means that a dollar could only buy a smaller portion of a goods or service now compared to the past. The three main causes leading to inflation are demand-pull inflation, cost-pull inflation, and expansion of money. According to demand pull inflationthe commoncause of inflation of all three. This occurwhen demandfor a goods or service is higher than its supply. The supply is not able to produce in time for the growing demand. As such, sellers start to increase the selling price, causing inflation. The causes for demand pull inflation are normally due to growing economy and technology advanced. One good example would be Apple Iphone. Another cause is cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation is the opposite of demand-pull inflation. Cost-push inflation occurs when there is an increase in the cost of production such as raw material, wages for workers, resulting a decrease inthe total production output and supply in the market. Hence, causing the supply to be weakens despite demand remains consistent. Thus, the prices of goods will increase (inflation).Other activities that may lead to higher production costs include worker strike or change in government policy that affects the countrys ability to maintain its desired supply output. The last cause is over-expansion of themoney supply. Money supply applied to all monetary tenders such as cash, loan, mortgage, etc. When interest is low and debts are cheap, there will be too much money chasing too little goods, creating inflation. The prices of everything will increase, even though neither demand nor supply has changed. When the money supply expands, thevalue of the dollar will reduces. And whendollar declinesrelative to the value of foreign currencies, the prices of imports will increase, creating cost-push inflation. Inflation in Singapore Singapore has been experiencing negative inflation in the recent years, as quoted in the MAS website. Despite the falling inflation rate, it does not constitute that Singapore is currently facing a deflation. This is because the CPI basket excludes accommodation and private road transport cost has been slowly increasing, even when the CPI shows otherwise. Food prices, on the other hand, has also crawling back slowly. The main reasons for the negative inflation are the low oil prices which affect globally worldwide. The slowdown in growth momentum in the nation and the impact of excess supply of housing also played a significant role to weigh down the headline number. Other than that,Singapore is expecting a technical recession soon and this has resulted in people being more careful with their spendingand tightening their wallets to tide through the period. Despite all the negative issue, some positive causes may resulted in a low inflation as well. In Year 2010, Singapore government introduced productive innovation (PIC) scheme, whichencourages businesses to get significant tax deductions or payouts for investments in research and development, innovation, automation. This scheme had thus help many businesses to make use of the opportunity to invest and use better technologies and machines, which in turn, reduced their production costs yet increase the quality of the output . By this way, it help to keep the constant competition in the market, which indirectly will drive down the prices of some goods and services, keeping inflation rate in Singapore under control. In addition, Singapore government had announced the easing in car loan regulation recently and it was reported that after the announcement, there are an increase in car purchases, which isexpected to lift the private transport CPI index, which accounts 11.5% of the overall CPI basket. Conclusion All in all, Singapore faced many challenges in Year 2016, due to global oil prices and recession. However, it is strongly believed that Singapore's economic outlook is rather optimistic in the coming years to come as Singapore government had put in lots of efforts in monitoring the various economic growth in the country and implementing various policies, rulings and schemes to keep the whole country growth at a controlled situation and ease some of the 'pressure' that Singaporean is facing. So, I believe Singapore is able to slowly climb back to a healthy economic in a year or two. References Economics, T. (2016). Sinagpore GDP. Retrieved from Trading Economics: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/gdp Economics, T. (2016). Singapore GDP Growth Rate . Retrieved from Trading Economics : https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/gdp-growth Economics, T. (2016). The Sinagpore GDP per capita . Retrieved from Trading Economics : https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/gdp-per-capita Explain the main types of unemployment in Singapore. (2012). Retrieved from https://jc-economics-essays.blogspot.sg/2012/08/a-explain-main-types-of-unemployment-in.html Sinagpore, M. t. (2012). JC Economics essay . Retrieved from https://jc-economics-essays.blogspot.sg/2012/08/a-explain-main-types-of-unemployment-in.html Singapore, G. o. (2015, July 16). Statement on Labour Market Developments. Retrieved from https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/mom-statements/2014/15-sep-2014---statement-on-labour-market-developments Singapore, M. A. (2016). The Singapore Economy. Retrieved from SGS: https://www.sgs.gov.sg/The-SGS-Market/The-Singapore-Economy.aspx Tradingeconomics. (2016). Singapore Inflation Rate . Retrieved from Tradingeconomics : https://www.tradingeconomics.com/singapore/inflation-cpi Wikipedia. (2016, December 04). Wikipedia . Retrieved from Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore